In the realm of fluid dynamics, picture a smooth and constant flow of particles known as steady motion. Here, streamlines, which are imaginary lines that depict the direction of particle movement, remain unchanging. These streamlines run parallel to one another, indicating a cohesive flow. However, when this tranquility is disrupted, turbulence tak

Semiconductors play a critical role in modern electronics due to their ability to control the flow of electricity under specific conditions. They can be broadly classified into two categories: intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. Intrinsic semiconductors, such as pure silicon or germanium, possess limited conductivity because their valence band